1 Bowel Dysfunction A Comprehensive Guide for Healthcare Professionals, Chapter 6 and 7 by Brigitte Collins and Elissa Bradshaw, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
2 Heaton, K W & Lewis, S J 1997, ‘Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time’. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.32, no.9, pp.920 – 924. Retrieved on 2/3/2007.
3 NICE Guidance. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg49/resources/faecal-incontinence-in-adults-management-pdf-975455422405
4 Based on the Rome IV criteria for constipation